Which of the following is NOT listed as associated with reducing cancer risk?

• A. Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Omega-3 fatty acids
• B. Turmeric, Ginger, Milk Thistle, Ginseng
• C. Melatonin
• D. Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Turmeric

Answer: (D)

The question tests which nutrient or supplement is not commonly listed as associated with reducing cancer risk. Turmeric, despite its anti-inflammatory properties and promising laboratory data, does not have strong, consistent evidence in standard guidelines to support a clear reduction in cancer risk for humans. In contrast, vitamins C, D, and E have been more frequently discussed in the literature as having potential associations with reduced risk (through antioxidant or immune-supportive effects), and melatonin is being explored for its possible anti-cancer properties. Because turmeric isn’t reliably listed as a proven cancer risk reducer, the option that includes turmeric is the one not listed as associated with reducing cancer risk. In practice, this reinforces the idea that emphasis is on evidence-based, widely recognized associations, and that turmeric requires more robust human data before being described as a risk-reducing agent.